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The pyramidal tract provides voluntary control of muscular movements. It consists of two distinct pathways, the corticonuclear tract and the corticospinal tract.
The corticospinal tract carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs. Thus, this tract is involved in the voluntary movement of muscles of the body.
The corticonuclear tract carries efferent, motor, information from the primary motor cortex to the muscles of the face, head and neck. It does this by synapsing with motor cranial nerves in the brainstem. Therefore the corticonuclear tract is responsible for innervating the muscles of the face, head and neck, as well as the muscles involved in swallowing, phonation and facial expression.
It is important to note that according to the official terminologia anatomica (TA), the term 'pyramidal tract' refers to only the corticospinal tract, while the corticonuclear is deemed as a separate tract. However, more often than not, the literature and pratice uses the pyramidal tract as an umbrella term for both the corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts, and we go by that premise in this article.
This article will describe the anatomy and function of the corticonuclear and corticospinal tracts.
| Corticonuclear tract | Definition: motor pathway from the motor cortex of the brain to the motor nuclei of cranial nerves within the brainstem. Function: responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the face (CN. VII), head and neck (CN. XI). Also involved in phonation, swallowing and facial expression. (CN. VII and IX) |
| Corticospinal tract | Definition: motor pathway from the brain’s motor cortex to lower motor neurons located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord’s gray matter. Divided into the anterior corticospinal tract (supplies axial muscles) and the lateral corticospinal tract (supplies muscles of the limbs). Function: responsible for voluntary movement of the muscles of the limbs and trunk. |
The corticonuclear tract is part of the pyramidal system. It is sometimes also called the corticobulbar tract.
This tract originates from upper motor neurons (UMN) located in the lateral aspect of the primary motor cortex. Specifically, this tract originates from the V-th layer of the cerebral cortex, where the giant pyramidal cells of Betz reside. Most of these cell bodies are found in Brodmann area 4 (primary motor), area 6 (premotor cortex), areas 3, 1, 2 (postcentral gyrus) and area 5 (parietal cortex). The arising fibers converge to pass within the corona radiata, the knee “genu” of the internal capsule, then continue inferiorly through the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain, to reach the brainstem.
While descending through the brainstem, the UMNs terminate on motor nuclei of certain cranial nerves within the midbrain, pons and medulla. These motor nuclei are considered the lower motor neurons (LMN) of the corticonuclear pathway, they carry efferent signals directly to the muscles of the face, head and neck. In the pons, fibers dedicated to the facial nerve leave the corticonuclear tract, cross the midline right above the facial nuclei and synapse with its motor nuclei. A similar pathway is followed by fibers connecting with the motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, at the level of the mid-pons. In the same manner, corticonuclear tract fibers project to the glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves by synapsing with their respective motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata. The corticonuclear tract also indirectly affects the nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves within the midbrain, through intermediate structures such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus and reticular formation.
The corticonuclear tract provides voluntary control over the muscles of the face, head and neck. This is in contrast to the corticospinal tract which controls the movement of the torso and limbs.
Trigeminal nerve Nervus trigeminus Synonyms: Cranial nerve V, CN V , show more.Specifically, the corticonuclear tract carries upper motor neuron input to the motor nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and accessory cranial nerves. This then supplies voluntary control over a number of head and neck functions;
The corticonuclear tract also influences the activity of muscles supplied by the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves, indirectly modulating their activity. It does this by synapsing with intermediate structures from the brainstem such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus and reticular formation.
If your goal is to remember the pathways of the pyramidal system, find out about the common mistakes that hinder your anatomy learning.
The corticospinal tract is a motor pathway that carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is responsible for the voluntary movements of the limbs and trunk.
The path starts in the motor cortex, where the bodies of the first-order neurons lie. These specialized upper motor neurons are called the pyramidal cells of Betz. Axons of Betz cells descend and converge to join a white matter sheet within each cerebral hemisphere called the “corona radiata''. The fibers then pass inferiorly through the anterior two-thirds of the posterior arm of the internal capsule (a white matter structure, located between the thalamus and the basal ganglia), through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, the pons and into the medulla.
In the anterior aspect of the lower medulla, the majority of corticospinal fibers decussate (pyramidal decussation). The crossed fibers form the lateral corticospinal tract while the uncrossed fibers enter the anterior corticospinal tract. The former is responsible for providing voluntary motor information to the muscles of the limbs while the latter supplies the axial muscles of the trunk. Both tracts run along the spinal cord, synapsing with lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horn on the same side. The lower motor neurons leave the spinal cord through the ventral root and form peripheral nerves which innervate the musculature of the body.
More details about the pyramidal tracts are provided below:
The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the "Bundle of Turck”) emerges from the un-decussated fibers of the corticospinal tract, at the level of the bulbomedullary junction. The UMN axons descend in the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord. At their spinal cord level of innervation, the axons cross over to the contralateral side. Thus this is their point of decussation. The UMNs then synapse in the anterior horn with lower motor neurons. Their axons pass through the anterior root of the spinal nerve and terminate in the endplate of skeletal muscles. The neural impulses are conveyed to the muscle cells through the motor endplates of the neuromuscular junction (myotomes), resulting in muscle movement.
The anterior corticospinal tract is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract. Lying close to the anterior median fissure, it is present only in the upper part of the spinal cord, gradually diminishing in size as it descends. The tract ends around the level of the mid-thoracic region.
The anterior corticospinal tract is primarily responsible for gross and postural movement of the trunk and proximal musculature (axial muscles).
The lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) is the largest descending motor pathway in the human body, it spans the entire length of the spinal cord, eventually supplying motor signals to all the skeletal muscles of our upper and lower limbs.
As the upper motor neurons (UMN) fibers pass through the caudal medulla, the majority of fibers (80%) decussate (pyramidal decussation) to the contralateral side and enter the lateral corticospinal tract. The tract then descends in the lateral funiculus along the entire spinal cord, synapsing with second-order, lower motor neurons (LMN) in the ventral horn at each level of the spinal cord. Impulses generated in the second-order motor neurons pass through the anterior roots of the spinal nerve, through the peripheral nerve plexuses (in the cervical, brachial and lumbosacral regions), and along individual peripheral nerves on their way to the skeletal muscles.
The lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the contralateral upper and lower limbs.
The upper motor neurons of the LCST, the giant pyramidal cells of Betz, preserve a somatotopic organization, called the motor homunculus. This homunculus represents the somatotopic motor distribution of the human body, along the motor cortex. From medial to lateral we see the motor processing regions corresponding to the structures of the face, then hand and arm, next the shoulder, head, neck and trunk, the lower limb and most laterally, the genitalia. This somatotopic organization is preserved all along the corticospinal tracts, whereby the more medial part of the LCST is responsible for innervation of the cervical region and the lateral part of the tract sends efferent output to the lower thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions, respectively.
Take our quiz on the pyramidal tracts to solidify your knowledge.
The conceptual approach to the motor system as comprising an upper and lower motor neuron is most important for clinical practice. Lesion of an upper motor neuron (UMNL) would cause central paralysis (spastic paralysis) while lesion to a lower motor neuron (LMNL) results in peripheral paralysis (flaccid paralysis). This is due to the inhibitory effect that UMNs have on LMNs. In the absence of upper control, the lower motor neuron exhibits a hyperreactivity. While a lesion in a LMN will cause interruption to skeletal muscle tonus control.
Upper motor neuron injury results in the following:
Lower motor neuron damage results in:
Another important clinical aspect of these two tracts is the level of the crossing. Decussation of the corticospinal tract occurs at the junction of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord while the corticonuclear tracts decussate above each relevant cranial nerve nuclei. Thus lower motor neurons of the musculature of the body receive motor input mostly from the contralateral hemisphere, the lower motor nuclei of cranial nerves receive bilateral innervation. With regards to the corticospinal tract this means that injury above the pyramidal decussation leads to contralateral motor deficits. Whereas damage below the pyramidal decussation will result in ipsilateral motor deficits.
The etiology can vary significantly. These injuries can be caused by trauma, tumors, infection or degenerative diseases.
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